1. Kupu Whakataki
Ko te EVA te whakarāpopototanga mō te ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, he polymer polyolefin. Nā te iti o te pāmahana rewa, te pai o te rere, te polarity me ngā huānga kore-halogen, ā, ka taea te hototahi ki ngā momo polymer me ngā paura kohuke, he maha ngā āhuatanga miihini me te tinana, ngā āhuatanga hiko me te taurite o te mahi tukatuka, ā, kāore i te teitei te utu, he rawaka te tuku mākete, nō reira hei rauemi whakamahana taura, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakakī, hei rauemi hipoki; ka taea te hanga hei rauemi thermoplastic, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga hei rauemi hononga whakawhiti thermosetting.
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te EVA, me ngā ārai mura, ka taea te hanga hei ārai kore-paoa iti, kore-halogen rānei; whiriwhiria te ihirangi VA teitei o te EVA hei rauemi turanga, ka taea hoki te hanga hei rauemi ātete-hinu; whiriwhiria te taupū rewa o te EVA taurite, tāpirihia kia 2 ki te 3 ngā wā o te whakakī o ngā ārai mura EVA ka taea te hanga hei ārai hāora (whakakī) taurite ake.
I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tirohia ngā āhuatanga hanganga o te EVA, te whakaurunga o tōna tono i roto i te umanga taura me ngā tūmanakohanga whanaketanga.
2. Ngā āhuatanga hanganga
I te wā e whakaputa ana i te hanganga, mā te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga o te tohu polymerization n/m ka taea te whakaputa i te ihirangi VA mai i te 5 ki te 90% o te EVA; mā te whakanui ake i te tohu polymerization katoa ka taea te whakaputa i te taumaha ngota mai i ngā tekau mano ki ngā rau mano o te EVA; ko te ihirangi VA kei raro iho i te 40%, nā te aroaro o te tioata wāhanga, te ngoikore o te ngāwari, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te kirihou EVA; ina nui ake te ihirangi VA i te 40%, ko te elastomer rite-rapa kāore he tioata, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te rapa EVM.
1. 2 Ngā Āhuatanga
He hanganga rārangi kukū te mekameka ngota o te EVA, nō reira he pai tōna ātete ki te wera, ki te huarere me te ātete ki te ozone.
Kāore he hononga takirua, he mowhiti benzene, he acyl, he rōpū amine me ētahi atu rōpū i roto i te mekameka matua o te ngota EVA, he ngāwari ki te paowa i te wā e tahuna ana, ā, kāore hoki he rōpū methyl, phenyl, cyano me ētahi atu rōpū i roto i ngā mekameka taha. Hei tāpiri, kāore he huānga halogen i roto i te ngota, nō reira he tino pai mō te turanga wahie ātete kore-halogen he iti te paowa.
Nā te rahi o te rōpū vinyl acetate (VA) i roto i te mekameka taha EVA me tōna kaha waenga, ka ārai i te āhua o te tuara vinyl ki te whakatio, ā, ka pai te hono atu ki ngā whakakī kohuke, ka hangaia ngā tikanga mō ngā wahie ārai mahi teitei. He pono rawa tēnei mō ngā ātete paowa iti me te kore-halogen, nā te mea me tāpiri ngā aukati mura me te nui ake i te 50% o te ihirangi rōrahi [hei tauira, Al(OH) 3, Mg(OH) 2, me ētahi atu] kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o ngā paerewa taura mō te aukati mura. Ka whakamahia te EVA me te ihirangi VA waenga ki te teitei hei turanga hei whakaputa wahie aukati mura iti te paowa me te kore-halogen me ngā āhuatanga tino pai.
I te mea he porowhita te rōpū vinyl acetate (VA) mekameka taha EVA, ka nui ake te porowhita o te polymer, ā, ka pai ake te ātete hinu. Ko te ātete hinu e hiahiatia ana e te umanga taura e pā ana ki te kaha ki te ātete i ngā hinu kohuke kore-porowhita, ngoikore rānei te porowhita. E ai ki te mātāpono o te hototahitanga ōrite, ka whakamahia te EVA me te nui o te VA hei rauemi turanga hei whakaputa i te ārai wahie iti te paowa me te kore-halogen me te ātete hinu pai.
He kaha ake te mahi a ngā ngota EVA i roto i te ngota alpha-olefin H, ā, i roto i ngā rauropi peroxide, i te pānga irahiko-whakawhiti-pūngao teitei rānei, he ngāwari te tauhohenga hononga-H, ka huri hei kirihou, hei rapa rānei kua honoa-whiti, ka taea te hanga i ngā whakaritenga mahi tono o ngā rauemi waea me te taura motuhake.
Mā te tāpiri o te rōpū vinyl acetate ka tino heke te pāmahana rewa o te EVA, ā, mā te maha o ngā mekameka taha poto o te VA ka piki ake te rere o te EVA. Nō reira, he pai ake te mahi whakaputa i te hanganga ngota o te polyethylene rite, ka noho hei rauemi turanga pai mō ngā rauemi tiaki haurua-arataki me ngā arai wahie halogen me te kore-halogen.
2 Ngā painga o te hua
2. 1 Te utu tino teitei
He tino pai ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-mīhini o te EVA, arā, te ātete wera, te ātete huarere, te ātete ozone, me ngā āhuatanga hiko. Tīpakohia te tohu tika, ka taea te hanga ātete wera, ātete mura, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga rauemi taura motuhake hei ātete hinu, hei ātete whakarewa.
Ko te rauemi EVA kirihou whakamahana te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana, he ihirangi VA kei waenganui i te 15% ki te 46%, ā, ko te taupū rewa kei waenganui i te 0.5 ki te 4 ngā tohu. He maha ngā kaihanga o te EVA, he maha ngā waitohu, he whānuitanga o ngā kōwhiringa, he utu taurite, he rawaka te tuku, me whakatuwhera noa e ngā kaiwhakamahi te wāhanga EVA o te paetukutuku, te waitohu, te mahi, te utu, te wāhi tuku i te tirohanga kotahi, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri, he tino watea.
He pūhui polyolefin te EVA, nā te ngawari me te whakamahinga o ngā whakataurite mahi, he rite tonu te rauemi polyethylene (PE) me te rauemi taura polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ngohengohe. Engari mā te rangahau anō, ka kitea e koe te EVA me ngā momo rauemi e rua i runga ake nei he pai rawa atu, kāore e taea te whakakapi.
2. 2 mahi tukatuka tino pai
Ko te EVA i roto i te tono taura he mea hanga mai i te rauemi tiaki taura ngaohiko reo me te ngaohiko teitei i roto, i waho hoki, ā, muri iho ka whakawhānuihia ki te arai wahie kore-halogen. Mai i te tirohanga tukatuka, e kiia ana ēnei momo rauemi e rua he "rauemi tino kī": nā te mea me tāpiri he nui o te pango waro kawe hiko hei whakanui ake i tōna matotoru, ka heke tere te wai; me tāpiri he nui o ngā aukati mura kore-halogen mō te wahie aukati mura kore-halogen, ā, ka piki tere te matotoru o te rauemi kore-halogen, ka heke tere te wai. Ko te otinga ko te kimi i tētahi polymer ka taea te whakauru i ngā horopeta nui o te whakakī, engari he iti hoki te matotoru rewa me te pai o te rere. Nā tēnei take, ko te EVA te whiringa pai.
Mā te pāmahana tukatuka whakaputanga me te tere kutikuti ka piki ake te hekenga tere o te EVA rewa, me whakarerekē noa te kaiwhakamahi i te pāmahana whakaputanga me te tere o te tīwiri, ka taea e koe te mahi pai o ngā hua waea me te taura. He maha ngā tono o roto me tāwāhi e whakaatu ana, mō te rauemi kore-halogen paowa iti kua tino kī, nā te mea he nui rawa te matotoru, he iti rawa te taupū rewa, nō reira ko te whakamahi noa i te tīwiri ōwehenga kōpeketanga iti (ōwehenga kōpeketanga iti iho i te 1.3) whakaputanga, kia pai ai te kounga whakaputanga. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā rauemi EVM rapa me ngā kaihoko whakamomona ki runga i ngā whakaputanga rapa me ngā whakaputanga whānui. Ka taea te whakahaere i te tukanga whakamomona (whakawhiti-hononga) i muri mai mā te whakawhiti-hononga matū wera (peroxide) mā te whakawhiti-hononga whakatere hiko rānei.
2. 3 Ngāwari ki te whakarerekē me te urutau
Kei ngā wāhi katoa ngā waea me ngā taura, mai i te rangi ki te whenua, mai i ngā maunga ki te moana. He rerekē, he rerekē hoki ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi waea me ngā taura, ahakoa he rite te hanganga o te waea me te taura, ko ngā rerekētanga mahi e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā rauemi whakamarumaru me te hipoki hipoki.
Tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, i te kāinga me tāwāhi, ko te PVC ngohengohe tonu te nuinga o ngā rauemi polymer e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga taura. Heoi, i te mea kei te piki haere te mōhiotanga ki te tiaki taiao me te whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Kua tino whakawhāitihia ngā rauemi PVC, kei te whakapau kaha ngā kaipūtaiao ki te kimi i ngā rauemi rerekē hei whakakapi i te PVC, ko te mea tino whai hua ko te EVA.
Ka taea te whakaranu i te EVA me ngā momo polymer, engari me ngā momo paura kohuke me ngā taputapu tukatuka hototahi hoki, ka taea te hanga i ngā hua whakaranu hei kirihou thermoplastic mō ngā taura kirihou, engari hei rapa honohono hoki mō ngā taura rapa. Ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa te hanga i runga i ngā whakaritenga a te kaiwhakamahi (paerewa rānei), ko te EVA te rauemi turanga, kia tutuki ai te mahi a te rauemi i ngā whakaritenga.
3 whānuitanga tono EVA
3. 1 Whakamahia hei rauemi ārai hiko-haurua mō ngā taura hiko ngaohiko teitei
E mōhio ana tātou katoa, ko te rauemi matua o te rauemi ārai he pango waro kawe, ko te tāpiri i te nui o te pango waro i roto i te rauemi turanga kirihou, rapa rānei ka tino heke te rere o te rauemi ārai me te maeneene o te taumata whakaputa. Hei ārai i ngā tukunga wāhanga i roto i ngā taura ngaohiko teitei, me angiangi, me kanapa, me rite te āhua o ngā ārai o roto me waho. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu pūmua, ka taea e te EVA te mahi i tēnei mea ngāwari ake. Ko te take o tēnei he tino pai te tukanga whakaputa a te EVA, he pai te rere, ā, kāore e ngāwari ki te pakaru rewa. E rua ngā wāhanga o te rauemi ārai: he mea takai ki te ara iahiko i waho e kiia nei ko te ārai o roto – me te rauemi mata o roto; he mea takai ki te whakamarumaru i waho e kiia nei ko te ārai o waho – me te rauemi mata o waho; he mea wera te nuinga o te rauemi mata o roto. He mea wera te nuinga o te rauemi mata o roto, ā, he maha ngā wā e hangai ana ki te EVA me te ihirangi VA o te 18% ki te 28%; he mea hono-whiti te nuinga o te rauemi mata o waho, ā, he maha ngā wā e hangai ana ki te EVA me te ihirangi VA o te 40% ki te 46%.
3. 2 Ngā wahie ārai mura kirihou me ngā wahie honohono-whiti
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te polyolefin ārai mura kirihou wera i roto i te umanga taura, ko te nuinga mō ngā whakaritenga halogen, kore-halogen rānei o ngā taura moana, ngā taura hiko me ngā raina hanga kounga teitei. Ko te pāmahana mahi mō te wā roa kei waenga i te 70 ki te 90 °C.
Mō ngā taura hiko ngaohiko reo-rahi me te ngaohiko teitei o te 10 kV me runga ake, he tino teitei ngā whakaritenga mahi hiko, ko ngā āhuatanga ātete mura ka mau i te nuinga o te wā e te hipoki o waho. I roto i ētahi whare, kaupapa rānei e hiahia ana ki te taiao, me iti te paowa o ngā taura, kāore he halogen, he iti te paitini, he iti rānei te paowa me te iti o te halogen, nō reira he otinga whai hua ngā polyolefin ātete mura thermoplastic.
Mō ētahi kaupapa motuhake, kāore i te nui te diameter o waho, ātete pāmahana i waenga i te taura motuhake i te 105 ~ 150 ℃, he rauemi polyolefin mura whakawhiti-hononga ake, ka taea te whiriwhiri i tōna hononga-hononga e te kaihanga taura kia rite ki ā rātou ake tikanga whakaputa, e rua te mamaoa pēhanga-teitei tuku iho, te kaukau tote pāmahana-teitei rānei, engari e wātea ana hoki te whakatere hikohiko whakawhiti-hononga pāmahana rūma. Ko tōna pāmahana mahi roa ka wehea kia toru ngā kōnae 105 ℃, 125 ℃, 150 ℃, ka taea te hanga i te tipu whakaputa kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga rerekē a ngā kaiwhakamahi, paerewa rānei, te arai wahie kore-halogen, kei roto rānei i te halogen.
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā polyolefin he polymer kore-polar, he polar ngoikore rānei. Nā te mea he rite te polarity ki te hinu kohuke, ko te nuinga o te wā e kiia ana he iti ake te ātete o ngā polyolefin ki te hinu i runga i te kaupapa hototahi ōrite. Heoi, he maha ngā paerewa taura i te kāinga me tāwāhi e whakatau ana me pai te ātete o ngā ātete whakawhiti-hononga ki ngā hinu, ngā whakarewa, tae atu ki ngā paru hinu, ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore. He wero tēnei mā ngā kairangahau rauemi, ināianei, ahakoa i Haina, i tāwāhi rānei, kua whakawhanakehia ēnei rauemi uaua, ā, ko te rauemi turanga ko te EVA.
3. 3 Rauemi ārai hāora
He maha ngā āputa i waenganui i ngā matua o ngā taura maha-matua kua herea, me whakakī kia āhua porowhita te āhua o te taura, mēnā he ārai wahie kore-halogen te whakakī i roto i te paparanga o waho. Ka mahi tēnei paparanga whakakī hei ārai mura (hāora) ina mura te taura, nō reira e mōhiotia ana ko te "ārai hāora" i roto i te umanga.
Ko ngā whakaritenga taketake mō tētahi rauemi ārai hāora ko: ngā āhuatanga whakaputa pai, te ātete mura kore-halogen (kei runga ake i te 40 te taupū hāora) me te utu iti.
Kua whakamahia whānuitia tēnei ārai hāora i roto i te umanga taura mō ngā tau tekau neke atu, ā, kua hua ake he whakapainga nui ki te ātete mura o ngā taura. Ka taea te whakamahi i te ārai hāora mō ngā taura ātete mura kore-halogen me ngā taura ātete mura kore-halogen (hei tauira, PVC). He nui ngā mahi kua whakaatu ko ngā taura he ārai hāora ka nui ake te tūponotanga ki te paahi i ngā whakamātautau tahunga poutū kotahi me te tahunga paihere.
Mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga rauemi, he "whakakī tino teitei" tēnei rauemi arai hāora, nā te mea kia tutuki ai te utu iti, me whakamahi he whakakī teitei, kia whiwhi ai i te taupū hāora teitei me tāpiri hoki he ōwehenga teitei (2 ki te 3 ngā wā) o te Mg (OH) 2, o te Al (OH) 3 rānei, ā, kia puta te pai me whiriwhiri te EVA hei rauemi turanga.
3. 4 Rauemi hipoki PE kua whakarerekētia
E rua ngā raruraru e pāngia ana e ngā rauemi hipoki polyethylene: tuatahi, ka pakaru wawe (arā, te kiri mangō) i te wā e whakatōngia ana; tuarua, ka pakaru wawe i te ahotea taiao. Ko te otinga māmā ko te tāpiri i tētahi ōwehenga o te EVA ki te hanganga. Mēnā ka whakamahia hei EVA whakarerekētia, he iti te ihirangi VA o te karaehe, he tika tōna taupū rewa i waenga i te 1 ki te 2.
4. Ngā tūmanakohanga whanaketanga
(1) Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te EVA i roto i te umanga taura, ā, kei te tipu haere tonu te nui o ia tau. Ina koa i ngā tau tekau kua pahure ake nei, nā te hiranga o te tiaki taiao, kua tere te whanaketanga o te ātete wahie EVA, ā, kua whakakapia te ahua o te rauemi taura PVC. He uaua ki te whakakapi i ētahi atu rauemi nā te mea he pai te utu me te pai o te mahi whakaputa.
(2) Ko te kai ā-tau o te kapia EVA i roto i te umanga taura e tata ana ki te 100,000 tana, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā momo kapia EVA, ko te ihirangi VA mai i te iti ki te teitei ka whakamahia, me te kore e nui te rahi o te hinonga hanga rauemi taura, ka horahia i roto i ia hinonga i ia tau anake i roto i ngā mano tana o te kapia EVA ki runga, ki raro hoki, ā, nā reira kāore e arohia e te umanga nui o te umanga EVA. Hei tauira, ko te nui rawa o te rauemi turanga ārai mura kore-halogen, ko te whiriwhiri matua ko te VA/MI = 28/2 ~ 3 o te kapia EVA (pērā i te EVA 265 # a DuPont o Amerika). Ā, kāore anō kia puta he kaihanga ā-rohe mō tēnei tohu whakatakotoranga o te EVA hei whakaputa me te tuku. Kāore anō kia whakahuatia te ihirangi VA teitei ake i te 28, me te taupū rewa iti iho i te 3 o ētahi atu whakaputanga me te tuku kapia EVA.
(3) Ko ngā kamupene o tāwāhi e whakaputa ana i te EVA nā te mea kāore he kaiwhakataetae o roto, ā, kua roa te teitei o te utu, ā, kua tino pehi i te hihiri o te hanga taura o roto. Neke atu i te 50% o te ihirangi VA o te momo rapa EVM, he kamupene o tāwāhi te mana, ā, e 2 ki te 3 ngā wā e rite ana te utu ki te ihirangi VA o te waitohu. Ko aua utu teitei, ka pā hoki ki te nui o tēnei momo rapa EVM, nō reira ka karanga te umanga taura ki ngā kaihanga EVA o roto, kia whakapai ake i te tere o te hanga EVA o roto. Nā te nui haere o te hanga o te umanga, kua nui te whakamahinga o te kapia EVA.
(4) I runga i te ngaru o te tiaki taiao i te ao whānui, e whakaarohia ana te EVA e te umanga taura hei rauemi turanga pai rawa atu mō te ātete wahie taiao. Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o te EVA i te tere o te 15% ia tau, ā, he tino pai te tirohanga. Ko te nui me te tere tipu o ngā rauemi tiaki me te whakaputanga taura hiko ngaohiko reo me te teitei me te tere tipu, tata ki te 8% ki te 10% i waenga; kei te tere tipu haere ngā ātete polyolefin, i ngā tau tata nei kua noho tonu ki te 15% ki te 20% i waenga, ā, i roto i ngā tau 5 ki te 10 e whai ake nei, tera pea ka mau tonu tēnei tere tipu.
Wā tuku: Hurae-31-2022