1 Kupu Whakataki
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa, kua whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā taura muka whatu. I te mea kei te piki haere tonu ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā taura muka whatu, kei te piki haere hoki ngā whakaritenga mō te kounga o ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taura muka whatu. Ko te rīpene ārai-wai taura muka whatu he rauemi ārai-wai noa e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga taura muka whatu, kua mōhiotia whānuitia te mahi a te hiri, te ārai-wai, te makuku me te tiaki ārai i roto i te taura muka whatu, ā, kua whakapaitia tonutia, kua tino pai ake hoki ōna momo me tana mahi me te whanaketanga o te taura muka whatu. I ngā tau tata nei, i whakaurua te hanganga "matua maroke" ki roto i te taura whatu. Ko tēnei momo rauemi ārai-wai taura he huinga rīpene, miro, paninga rānei hei ārai i te wai kei uru roa ki roto i te matua taura. I te mea kei te piki haere te manako ki ngā taura muka whatu matua maroke, kei te tere te whakakapi a ngā rauemi taura muka whatu matua maroke i ngā matū whakakī taura tuku iho e hangai ana ki te hinu hinu. Ka whakamahia e te rauemi matua maroke he polymer e mimiti tere ana i te wai hei hanga i te hydrogel, e pupuhi ana, e whakakī ana i ngā awa urunga wai o te taura. Hei tāpiritanga, nā te mea kāore he hinu piri o te rauemi matua maroke, kāore e hiahiatia he horoi, he whakarewa, he kaihoroi rānei hei whakarite i te taura mō te honohono, ā, ka tino whakaitihia te wā honohono taura. Kāore i te whakaitihia te mama o te taura me te piri pai i waenga i te miro whakapakari o waho me te takotoranga, ā, he mea rongonui tēnei whiringa.
2 Te pānga o te wai ki te taura me te tikanga ātete wai
Ko te take matua me mahi ngā momo mahi ārai wai, he mea ka pirau te wai e tomo ana ki te taura hei hauwai me ngā iona O₂H-, ka nui ake te ngaronga o te tuku o te muka whatu, ka whakaiti i te mahi a te muka, ka whakapoto hoki i te roa o te ora o te taura. Ko ngā mahi ārai wai e tino kitea ana ko te whakakī ki te whakapiri hinu me te tāpiri rīpene ārai wai, e whakakīia ana ki te āputa i waenganui i te matua o te taura me te hipoki hei ārai i te horapa poutū o te wai me te makuku, ā, ka whai wāhi nui tēnei ki te ārai wai.
Ina whakamahia ngā kapia hangai i roto i te nui o te rahinga hei ārai i roto i ngā taura muka whatu (tuatahi i roto i ngā taura), kāore hoki ēnei rauemi ārai e ātete ki te urunga mai o te wai. Ko te hanganga o ngā "rākau wai" i roto i te rauemi ārai te take matua o te pānga ki te mahi tuku. Ko te tikanga e pāngia ai te rauemi ārai e ngā rākau wai ka whakamāramahia penei: nā te kaha o te papa hiko (ko tētahi atu whakapae ko ngā āhuatanga matū o te kapia ka whakarerekētia e te tukunga ngoikore rawa o ngā irahiko tere), ka uru ngā ngota wai mā roto i ngā tau rerekē o ngā pūwero moroiti kei roto i te rauemi hipoki o te taura muka whatu. Ka uru ngā ngota wai mā roto i ngā tau rerekē o ngā pūwero moroiti i roto i te rauemi hipoki taura, ka hanga he "rākau wai", ka kohikohi haere i te nui o te wai ka horapa ki te taha roa o te taura, ka pā ki te mahi a te taura. Whai muri i ngā tau o te rangahau me te whakamātautau o te ao, i waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1980, i kitea he huarahi hei whakakore i te huarahi pai ki te whakaputa rākau wai, arā, i mua i te putanga o te taura, i takaihia ki roto i te paparanga mimiti wai me te whakawhānui i te arai wai hei aukati me te whakaroa i te tipu o ngā rākau wai, hei aukati i te wai i roto i te taura i roto i te horapa roa; i te wa ano, na te kino o waho me te urunga o te wai, ka taea hoki e te arai wai te aukati tere i te wai, kaua e pa ki te horapa roa o te taura.
3 He tirohanga whānui mō te ārai wai taura
3. 1 Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā ārai wai taura muka whatu
He maha ngā huarahi hei whakarōpū i ngā ārai wai taura whatu, ka taea te whakarōpū i runga i te hanganga, te kounga me te matotoru. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakarōpū i runga i te hanganga: te ārai wai whakakikorua taha-rua, te ārai wai pania taha-kotahi me te ārai wai kiriata hiato. Ko te mahi ārai wai o te ārai wai nā te nui o te rauemi mimiti wai (e kiia nei ko te ārai wai), ka taea te pupuhi tere i muri i te tūtakitanga o te ārai wai ki te wai, ka hanga he nui o te tiēre (ka taea e te ārai wai te mimiti i ngā rau wā nui atu i a ia anō), ā, ka ārai i te tipu o te rākau wai me te ārai i te urunga tonu me te horapa o te wai. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā polysaccharides taiao me ngā polysaccharides kua whakarerekētia e te matū.
Ahakoa he pai ngā āhuatanga o ēnei ārai wai taiao, ā-wāhanga rānei, e rua ngā ngoikoretanga kino:
1) he pirau-ā-koiora, ā, 2) he tino mura. Nā tēnei, kāore pea e whakamahia i roto i ngā rauemi taura muka whatu. Ko tētahi atu momo rauemi hangai i roto i te ātete wai ko ngā polyacrylates, ka taea te whakamahi hei ātete wai mō ngā taura whatu nā te mea e tutuki ana i ēnei whakaritenga: 1) ina maroke, ka taea e rātou te ārai i ngā ahotea i puta i te wā e hangaia ana ngā taura whatu;
2) ina maroke, ka taea e rātou te tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga mahi o ngā taura whatu (te huringa wera mai i te pāmahana rūma ki te 90 °C) me te kore e pā ki te roa o te ora o te taura, ā, ka taea hoki e rātou te tu atu ki ngā pāmahana teitei mō ngā wā poto;
3) ina uru te wai, ka tere te pupuhi, ka hanga he kirikiri me te tere o te whakawhanui.
4) te whakaputa i tētahi kirikiri matotoru rawa, ahakoa i ngā pāmahana teitei ka pumau tonu te matotoru o te kirikiri mō te wā roa.
Ka taea te wehewehe whānui i te hanganga o ngā ārai wai ki ngā tikanga matū tuku iho – te tikanga whakawhiti-wāhanga (te tikanga whakawhiti-whakapūhui wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu), tā rātou ake tikanga whakawhiti-whakapūhui – te tikanga kōpae, te tikanga whakamārama – te tikanga hihi-γ "cobalt 60". Ko te tikanga whakawhiti-whakapūhui e ahu mai ana i te tikanga hihi-γ "cobalt 60". He rerekē ngā taumata o te whakapūhui me te whakawhiti-whakapūhui o ngā tikanga rerekē, nō reira he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te kaihoko ārai-wai e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā rīpene ārai-wai. He iti noa ngā polyacrylates ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga e whā o runga ake nei, e ai ki te wheako mahi, kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā kaihoko ārai-wai (ngā kapia mimiti-wai) hei rauemi mata mō te wāhanga kotahi o te polyacrylate konutai hono-whakapūhui, me whakamahi i roto i te tikanga whakawhiti-whakapūhui maha-polymer (arā, he momo wāhanga o te ranunga polyacrylate konutai hono-whakapūhui) kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o ngā maha mimiti-wai tere me te teitei. Ko ngā whakaritenga matua: ka taea e te maha o te mimiti wai te eke ki te 400 ngā wā, ka taea e te tere mimiti wai te eke ki te meneti tuatahi ki te mimiti i te 75% o te wai e mimitihia ana e te ātete wai; ngā whakaritenga pumau wera mō te ātete wai: te ātete pāmahana roa ki te 90°C, te pāmahana mahi mōrahi ki te 160°C, te ātete pāmahana tere ki te 230°C (he mea nui rawa atu mō te taura hiato hikohiko me ngā tohu hiko); ngā whakaritenga pumau mō te mimiti wai i muri i te hanganga o te ira: i muri i ētahi huringa wera (20°C ~ 95°C). Ko te pumau o te ira i muri i te mimiti wai e hiahiatia ana: te ira matotoru teitei me te kaha o te ira i muri i ētahi huringa wera (20°C ki te 95°C). He rerekē te pumau o te ira i runga i te tikanga hanga me ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana e te kaihanga. I te wa ano, ehara i te mea ko te tere o te tere whakawhanui, ko te pai ake, ko ētahi hua he whai i te tere kotahi, ko te whakamahinga o ngā tāpiringa kāore e pai ki te pumau o te ira, ka whakangaro i te kaha pupuri wai, engari kāore e tutuki te pānga o te ātete wai.
3. 3 ngā āhuatanga o te rīpene ārai-wai Hei taura i roto i te tukanga hanga, whakamātautau, kawe, rokiroki me te whakamahinga kia tu atu ki ngā whakamātautau taiao, nō reira mai i te tirohanga o te whakamahinga o te taura whatu, ko ngā whakaritenga mō te rīpene ārai-wai taura koia ēnei:
1) te āhua o te tohatoha muka, kāore he wehewehenga me te paura o ngā rauemi hiato, he kaha ā-pūkaha motuhake, e tika ana mō ngā hiahia o te taura;
2) he ōrite, he taea te whakahoki, he kounga pumau, i te hanganga o te taura e kore e wehewehea, ka puta
3) te pēhanga whakawhanui teitei, te tere whakawhanui tere, te pumau pai o te ira;
4) he pai te pumau o te wera, he pai mō ngā tukatuka i muri mai;
5) he pumau matū teitei, kāore he wāhanga waikura, ātete ki te huakita me te pirau pokepokea ai;
6) hototahi pai ki ētahi atu rauemi o te taura whatu, te ātete waikura, me ētahi atu
4 Ngā paerewa mahi ārai wai taura whatu
He nui ngā hua rangahau e whakaatu ana ko te ātete wai koretake ki te pumau roa o te mahi tuku taura ka hua he kino nui. He uaua ki te kimi i tēnei kino i roto i te tukanga hanga me te tirotiro wheketere o te taura muka whatu, engari ka puta mārire i roto i te tukanga whakatakoto taura i muri i te whakamahinga. Nō reira, ko te whakawhanaketanga wā tika o ngā paerewa whakamātautau whānui me te tika, kia kitea ai he pūtake mō te aromatawai ka taea e ngā rōpū katoa te whakaae, kua noho hei mahi tere. Ko te rangahau whānui a te kaituhi, te tūhuratanga me ngā whakamātautau i runga i ngā whitiki aukati-wai kua whakarato i tētahi pūtake hangarau e tika ana mō te whakawhanaketanga o ngā paerewa hangarau mō ngā whitiki aukati-wai. Whakatauhia ngā tawhā mahi o te uara ārai-wai i runga i ngā mea e whai ake nei:
1) ngā whakaritenga o te paerewa taura whatu mō te tūāpapa wai (ko ngā whakaritenga matua o te rauemi taura whatu i roto i te paerewa taura whatu);
2) he wheako ki te hanga me te whakamahi i ngā ārai wai me ngā pūrongo whakamātautau e tika ana;
3) ngā hua rangahau mō te awe o ngā āhuatanga o ngā rīpene ārai-wai ki te mahi a ngā taura muka whatu.
4. 1 Āhua
Ko te āhua o te rīpene ārai wai me rite te tohatoha o ngā muka; me papatahi te mata, ā, me kore he kita, he kōmiro, he haehae rānei; kaua he wehenga i te whānui o te rīpene; me kore he wehenga o te rauemi whakahiato; me piri te rīpene, ā, me kore he "āhua pōtae kakau witi" i ngā taha o te rīpene ringaringa.
4.2 Te kaha ā-pūkaha o te aukati wai
Ko te kaha kume o te tūāpapa wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tikanga hanga o te rīpene kore-whatu polyester, i raro i ngā āhuatanga taua, he pai ake te tikanga viscose i te tikanga whakaputa wera-hurihuri o te kaha kume hua, he angiangi ake hoki te matotoru. Ka rerekē te kaha kume o te rīpene ārai wai i runga i te āhua o te takai, te takai rānei i te taura.
He tohu matua tēnei mō ngā whitiki ārai wai e rua, me whakakotahi te tikanga whakamātautau me te taputapu, te wai me te tukanga whakamātautau. Ko te rauemi ārai wai matua i roto i te rīpene ārai wai he polyacrylate konutai honohono-wāhanga me ōna hua, e aro ana ki te hanganga me te āhua o ngā whakaritenga kounga wai, kia kotahi ai te paerewa o te teitei pupuhi o te rīpene ārai wai, me whakamahi te wai whakakore-iona (ka whakamahia te wai whakamātao i roto i te whakatau), nā te mea kāore he wāhanga anionic me te cationic i roto i te wai whakakore-iona, ko te wai parakore te nuinga. He rerekē te whakarea mimiti o te kapia mimiti wai i roto i ngā āhuatanga wai rerekē, mena ko te whakarea mimiti i roto i te wai parakore he 100% o te uara ingoa; i roto i te wai puna he 40% ki te 60% (i runga i te kounga wai o ia wāhi); i roto i te wai moana he 12%; he uaua ake te wai o raro whenua, te wai awaawa rānei, he uaua ki te whakatau i te ōrau mimiti, ā, ka tino iti tōna uara. Hei whakarite i te pānga o te ārai wai me te roa o te taura, he pai ake te whakamahi i te rīpene ārai wai me te teitei pupuhi > 10mm.
4.3 Ngā āhuatanga hiko
I te nuinga o te wā, kāore te taura whatu e tuku tohu hiko mai i te waea whakarewa, nō reira kāore e whakamahia he rīpene wai ātete haurua-whakahaere, ko te 33 Wang Qiang anake, me ētahi atu: rīpene ātete wai taura whatu
I mua i te taenga mai o ngā tohu hiko, me whakarite kia rite ki te hanganga o te taura e te kirimana.
4.4 Te pumau o te wera Ka taea e te nuinga o ngā momo rīpene ārai-wai te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga pumau wera: te ātete pāmahana roa ki te 90°C, te pāmahana mahi mōrahi ki te 160°C, te ātete pāmahana inamata ki te 230°C. Kaua te mahi a te rīpene ārai-wai e rerekē i muri i tētahi wā kua tohua i ēnei pāmahana.
Ko te kaha o te tiēre te āhuatanga nui rawa atu o tētahi rauemi intumescent, ko te tere whakawhanui ka whakamahia anake hei whakawhāiti i te roa o te urunga wai tuatahi (iti iho i te 1 m). Me tika te tere whakawhanui me te matotoru teitei o tētahi rauemi whakawhanui pai. Ahakoa he tere whakawhanui teitei, he matotoru iti hoki, he ngoikore ngā āhuatanga ārai wai o tētahi rauemi ārai wai ngoikore. Ka taea tēnei te whakamātautau me te whakataurite ki ētahi huringa wera. I raro i ngā āhuatanga waiora, ka pakaru te tiēre hei wai matotoru iti ka heke tōna kounga. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakaoho i tētahi wai parakore kei roto te paura pupuhi mō te 2 hāora. Kātahi ka wehea te tiēre hua mai i te wai nui ka whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi ine matotoru hurihuri hei ine i te matotoru i mua me muri i te 24 hāora i te 95°C. Ka kitea te rerekētanga o te pumau o te tiēre. I te nuinga o te wā ka mahia tēnei i roto i ngā huringa 8 hāora mai i te 20°C ki te 95°C me te 8 hāora mai i te 95°C ki te 20°C. E hiahiatia ana e ngā paerewa Tiamana e tika ana kia 126 ngā huringa 8 hāora.
4. 5 Hototahi He āhuatanga tino nui te hototahitanga o te ārai wai e pā ana ki te roa o te ora o te taura muka whatu, nō reira me whai whakaaro ki ngā rauemi taura muka whatu e whakamahia ana. Nā te mea he roa te wā e kitea ai te hototahitanga, me whakamahi te whakamātautau koroheketanga tere, arā, ka murua te tauira rauemi taura, ka takai ki te paparanga rīpene ātete-wai maroke, ka puritia ki roto i te rūma pāmahana pumau i te 100°C mō ngā rā 10, ā, muri iho ka paunatia te kounga. Kaua te kaha kume me te roa o te rauemi e neke atu i te 20% i muri i te whakamātautau.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-22-2022