He taahiraa nui te whiriwhiri taura i roto i te hoahoa me te tāutanga hiko. Mēnā he hē te whiriwhiri, ka raru pea te haumaru (pēnei i te wera nui, te ahi rānei), te hekenga nui o te ngaohiko, te kino o ngā taputapu, te ngoikore rānei o te pūnaha. Kei raro nei ngā āhuatanga matua hei whakaaroaro māu i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te taura:
1. Ngā Tawhā Hiko Matua
(1) Te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o te kaiārahi:
Te Kaha Kawe o te Au: Koinei te tawhā tino nui. Me kaha te taura ki te kawe i te au mahi tonu mōrahi o te ara iahiko me te kore e neke ake i tōna pāmahana mahi e whakaaetia ana. Tirohia ngā ripanga kaha i roto i ngā paerewa e tika ana (pēnei i te IEC 60287, NEC, GB/T 16895.15).
Te Hekenga o te Ngaohiko: Ka puta te hekenga o te ngaohiko i te rere o te iahiko mā roto i te taura. Mā te roa rawa, te kore rānei e ranea te whakawhiti, ka iti pea te ngaohiko i te pito kawenga, ka pā ki te mahi a te taputapu (ina koa te tīmatanga o te motuka). Tātaihia te hekenga katoa o te ngaohiko mai i te pūtake hiko ki te kawenga, me te whakarite kei roto i te awhe e whakaaetia ana (te tikanga ≤3% mō te rama, ≤5% mō te hiko).
Te Kaha Ātete ki te Ara Poto: Me tū te taura i te iahiko ara poto mōrahi ka taea i roto i te pūnaha me te kore e pakaru te wera i mua i te mahi a te taputapu tiaki (tirotiro pumau wera). He nui ake te kaha ātete o ngā horahanga whakawhiti nui ake.
(2) Ngaohiko Whakatauria:
Kaua te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te taura (hei tauira, 0.6/1kV, 8.7/15kV) e iti iho i te ngaohiko ingoa o te pūnaha (hei tauira, 380V, 10kV) me tetahi ngaohiko whakahaere mōrahi pea. Whakaarohia ngā rerekētanga ngaohiko o te pūnaha me ngā āhuatanga o te ngaohiko nui rawa atu.
(3) Rauemi Arataki:
Parahi: He nui te kawe hiko (~58 MS/m), he kaha te kawe iahiko, he kaha miihini pai, he ātete waikura pai, he ngāwari ki te pupuri i ngā hononga, he nui ake te utu. Ko te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Konumohe: He iti ake te kawe hiko (~35 MS/m), me nui ake te wāhanga whakawhiti hei whakatutuki i te kaha ōrite, he mama ake te taumaha, he iti ake te utu, engari he iti ake te kaha ā-ringa, he ngāwari ki te waikura, me whai taputapu motuhake me te matū ārai mate mō ngā hononga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia mō ngā raina whakawhiti whakawhiti nui, ngā tono motuhake rānei.
2. Taiao me ngā Tikanga Tāutanga
(1) Tikanga Tāutanga:
I te Hau: Ngā paepae taura, ngā arawhata, ngā paipa hiko, ngā paipa hiko, ngā mata e mau ana i te taha o ngā pakitara, me ētahi atu. Ka pāngia te whānui o te wera e ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te marara wera (me whakaiti te pāmahana mō ngā whakaurunga kikī).
I raro i te whenua: Tanumia tika, i whakapūpūtia rānei ki ngā paipa. Whakaarohia te ātete wera o te oneone, te hohonutanga o te tanumia, te tata ki ētahi atu pūtake wera (hei tauira, ngā paipa mamaoa). Ka pā te makuku o te oneone me te waikura ki te kōwhiringa o te uhi.
I raro i te wai: Me whai hanganga ārai wai motuhake (hei tauira, te hipoki mata, te paparanga ārai wai kua whakauruhia) me te tiaki ā-ringa.
Tāutanga Motuhake: Ngā ara poutū (whakaarohia te taumaha-ake), ngā awaawa/ngā kauhanga taura, me ētahi atu.
(2) Te Pāmahana Āhua:
Ka pā tika te pāmahana taiao ki te marara o te wera o te taura. Ko ngā ripanga whānui paerewa e hangai ana ki ngā pāmahana tohutoro (hei tauira, 30°C i te hau, 20°C i te oneone). Mena ka nui ake te pāmahana tuturu i te pāmahana tohutoro, me whakatika te whānui (whakaitihia te whānui). Kia aro nui ki ngā taiao pāmahana teitei (hei tauira, ngā rūma poihā, ngā āhuarangi toropika).
(3) Te tata ki ētahi atu taura:
Ka piki te pāmahana me te wera o ngā taura matotoru. Me wehewehe ngā taura maha e tāutahia ana i te taha whakarara (ina koa kāore he mokowā, i roto rānei i te paipa kotahi) i runga i te maha, i te whakaritenga (e pā ana, e kore e pā).
(4) Te ahotea ā-ringa:
Te Utaina Kume: Mō ngā tāutanga poutū, mō ngā tawhiti kume roa rānei, whakaarohia te taumaha o te taura me te kume kume; whiriwhiria ngā taura he kaha kume e ranea ana (hei tauira, he waea maitai kua āraihia).
Pēhanga/Pānga: Me tu atu ngā taura tanumia tika ki ngā kawenga o te mata me ngā mōrearea keri; ka pēhia pea ngā taura e mau ana i te paepae. Mā te ārai (rīpene maitai, waea maitai) ka kaha te tiaki ā-ringa.
Te Pūtoro Piko: I te wā e tāuta ana, e huri ana hoki, kaua te pūtoro piko taura e iti iho i te iti rawa e whakaaetia ana, kia kore ai e kino te whakamarumaru me te hipoki.
(5) Ngā Tūponotanga Taiao:
Waikura Matū: Me whakamahi ngā whare matū, ngā whare waipara, me ngā wāhi kohu tote takutai i ngā hipoki ātete-waikura (hei tauira, PVC, LSZH, PE) me/ranei ngā paparanga o waho. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he ārai kore-whakarewa (hei tauira, te muka karāhe).
Te Parahanga Hinu: Me whakamahi ngā papa ātete-hinu (hei tauira, PVC motuhake, CPE, CSP) i ngā whare hinu me ngā awheawhe miihini.
Te Pānga o te UV: Me whakamahi ngā taura o waho e pāngia ana e te UV i roto i ā rātou hipoki ātete ki te UV (hei tauira, te PE pango, te PVC motuhake).
Ngā Kiore/Ngā Mokowā: Ko ētahi rohe e hiahia ana ki ngā taura ārai-kiore/ngā mokowā (ngā hipoki me ngā ārai pepeke, ngā koti mārō, ngā ārai whakarewa).
Makuku/Ruku: Me whai hanganga pai hei ārai i te makuku/wai (hei tauira, he ārai wai porowhita, he hipoki whakarewa) ngā taiao makuku, ruku rānei.
Ngā Āhua Pahū: Me tutuki ngā whakaritenga ātete pahū mō ngā wāhi morearea (hei tauira, te ātete mura, LSZH, ngā taura whakamātao kohuke).
3. Hanganga Taura me te Kōwhiringa Rauemi
(1) Ngā Rauemi Ārai:
Polyethylene Hononga-whiti (XLPE)He mahi pāmahana teitei tino pai (90°C), he kaha teitei, he āhuatanga hiko-kore pai, he ātete matū, he kaha miihini pai. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō ngā taura hiko ngaohiko reo/iti. Ko te kōwhiringa tuatahi.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): He iti te utu, he pakari te tukanga, he pai te ātete ki te mura, he iti ake te pāmahana mahi (70°C), he pakarukaru i te pāmahana iti, ka tukuna he hau halogen paitini me te paoa matotoru ina tahuna. Kei te whānui tonu te whakamahinga engari kua iti haere te whakamahinga.
Rapa Ethylene Propylene (EPR): He pai te ngāwari, te āhuarangi, te ozone, te ātete matū, te pāmahana whakahaere teitei (90°C), e whakamahia ana mō ngā taputapu nekeneke, ngā taura moana, me te keri. He nui ake te utu.
Ētahi atu: Rapa silicone (>180°C), he mea whakamātao ki te kohuke (MI – he arataki parahi me te whakamātao konupora waikura, he pai rawa te mahi ahi) mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake.
(2) Ngā Rauemi o te Puranga:
PVC: He pai te tiaki ā-mīhini, he ātete mura, he iti te utu, he whānui te whakamahinga. Kei roto he paoa halogen, he paoa paitini ina tahuna.
PE: He tino ātete ki te makuku me te matū, he mea noa mō ngā uhi o waho o te taura kua tanumia tika. He iti te ātete mura.
Halogen Kore Auahi Iti (LSZH / LS0H / LSF)He iti te paoa, kāore he paitini (kāore he hau waikawa halogen), he nui te whakawhiti mārama i te wā e tahuna ana. Me whakamahi i ngā wāhi tūmatanui (ngā ara raro whenua, ngā toa hokohoko, ngā hōhipera, ngā whare teitei).
Polyolefin ātete-mura: Ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ātete-mura motuhake.
Me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa ki te ātete ki te taiao (hinu, huarere, UV) me ngā matea tiaki ā-pūkaha.
(3) Ngā Paparanga Parepare:
Parenga Arataki: E hiahiatia ana mō ngā taura ngaohiko reo/tiketike (>3.6/6kV), e whakataurite ana i te papa hiko o te mata o te arataki.
Parepare Ārai: E hiahiatia ana mō ngā taura ngaohiko reo/tiketike, ka mahi tahi me te parepare arai mō te whakahaere mara katoa.
Parenga/Patu Whakarewa: Ka whakarato i te EMC (ārai-whakararuraru/whakaiti i ngā tukunga) me/ranei te ara porowhita-poto (me whenua) me te tiaki ā-ringa. Ngā āhua noa: rīpene parahi, whiri waea parahi (parenga + ara porowhita-poto), parenga rīpene maitai (parenga ā-ringa), parenga waea maitai (parenga kume + tiaki ā-ringa), papa konumohe (parenga + ārai-wai radial + tiaki ā-ringa).
(4) Ngā Momo Whakamarumaru:
Waea Rino Ārai (SWA): He tino pai te tiakitanga pēhanga me te tiakitanga whānui mō te kume, mō ngā matea tanumanga tika, mō ngā matea tiaki ā-ringa rānei.
Waea Whakarewa Pirau (GWA): He kaha kume teitei, mō ngā ara poutū, ngā whāwhātanga nunui, ngā whakaurunga raro wai.
Parekura Kore-whakarewa: He rīpene muka karāhe, e whakarato ana i te kaha ā-ringa engari ehara i te aukume, he mama, he ātete ki te waikura, mō ngā whakaritenga motuhake.
4. Ngā Whakaritenga Haumaru me ngā Ture
(1) Ārai i te mura:
Kōwhiria ngā taura e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ātete mura e tika ana (hei tauira, IEC 60332-1/3 mō te ātete mura kotahi/pūpū, BS 6387 CWZ mō te ātete ahi, GB/T 19666) i runga i te mōrearea ahi me ngā hiahia whakawātea. Me whakamahi ngā taura ātete mura LSZH i ngā wāhi tūmatanui me ngā wāhi uaua ki te mawhiti.
(2) Ātete Ahi:
Mō ngā ara iahiko nui me noho tonu te kaha i te wā e mura ana te ahi (ngā papu ahi, ngā pā auahi, ngā rama ohorere, ngā whakaoho), whakamahia ngā taura ātete ahi (hei tauira, ngā taura MI, ngā hanganga whakamātao waro kua herea ki te mika) kua whakamatautauria ki ngā paerewa (hei tauira, BS 6387, IEC 60331, GB/T 19216).
(3) Kore-Halogen me te Paoa Iti:
Me whakamahi i ngā wāhi he nui ngā whakaritenga mō te haumaru me te tiaki taputapu (ngā pokapū kawe waka, ngā pokapū raraunga, ngā hōhipera, ngā whare tūmatanui nunui).
(4) Te Whakatutuki i ngā Paerewa me te Tiwhikete:
Me tutuki ngā taura i ngā paerewa me ngā tiwhikete ā-ture i te wāhi e whakahaerehia ai te kaupapa (hei tauira, CCC i Haina, CE i EU, BS i UK, UL i US).
5. Te Utu o te Ōhanga me te Huringa Ora
Te Utu Pūtea Tuatahi: Te utu mō te taura me ngā taputapu (ngā hononga, ngā whakamutu).
Te Utu Tāutanga: Ka rerekē i runga i te rahi o te taura, te taumaha, te ngāwari me te ngāwari o te tāutanga.
Te Utu Ngaronga Whakahaere: Ka puta ngā ngaronga I²R i te ātete o ngā kaiārahi. He nui ake te utu mō ngā kaiārahi nui ake i te tīmatanga engari ka whakaitihia ngā ngaronga mō te wā roa.
Te Utu Tiaki: He iti ake ngā utu tiaki mō ngā taura pono, pakari hoki.
Te Roa o te Ratonga: Ka roa pea ngā taura kounga teitei i roto i ngā taiao tika mō te 30+ tau. Arotakehia kia kore ai e whiriwhiria ngā taura kounga iti, kounga iti rānei i runga i te utu tīmatanga anake.
6. Ētahi atu Whakaaroaro
Raupapa Wāhanga me te Tohu: Mō ngā taura maha-matua, mō ngā tāutanga wehe-wāhanga rānei, kia tika te raupapatanga wāhanga me te waehere tae (e ai ki ngā paerewa ā-rohe).
Te Hononga Whenua me te Hononga Pūmanawa Taurite: Me hono pono ngā whakangungu rakau me ngā pukupuku whakarewa ki te whenua (i ngā pito e rua) kia haumaru ai, kia pai ai hoki te mahi whakangungu rakau.
Tapeke Rāhui: Whakaarohia te pikinga o te kawenga ā muri ake nei, ngā huringa ara rānei, whakanuia te wāhanga whakawhiti, ngā ara iahiko tāpiri rāhui rānei mēnā e tika ana.
Hototahi: Me ōrite ngā taputapu taura (ngā hononga, ngā pito, ngā pito) ki te momo taura, te ngaohiko, me te rahi o te ara iahiko.
Te Tohu me te Kounga o te Kaiwhakarato: Kōwhiria ngā kaihanga rongonui me te kounga pumau.
Mō te mahi tino pai me te pono, ka haere tahi te whiriwhiri i te taura tika me te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi kounga teitei. I ONE WORLD, ka whakaratohia e mātou he whānuitanga o ngā rauemi mata waea me te taura — tae atu ki ngā matū whakamahana, ngā rauemi hipoki, ngā rīpene, ngā whakakī, me ngā miro — i hangaia kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga me ngā paerewa rerekē, hei tautoko i te hoahoa me te tāutanga taura haumaru me te whai hua.
Wā tuku: 15 o Ākuhata-2025