1. Kupu Whakataki
I te tukunga o ngā tohu auau-tiketike mā te taura whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka puta he pānga kiri i ngā kaiārahi, ā, i te pikinga ake o te auau o te tohu e tukuna ana, ka nui haere te kino o te pānga kiri. Ko te mea e kiia nei ko te pānga kiri e pā ana ki te tukunga o ngā tohu i te mata o waho o te kaiārahi o roto me te mata o roto o te kaiārahi o waho o te taura coaxial ina tae te auau o te tohu e tukuna ana ki ētahi kilohertz, ki ngā tekau mano rānei o te hertz.
Nā te pikinga o te utu parahi o te ao, me te iti haere o ngā rauemi parahi i roto i te taiao, kua noho te whakamahinga o te waea maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi, te waea konumohe whakakikoruatia rānei ki te parahi hei whakakapi i ngā ara iahiko parahi, hei mahi nui mā te umanga hanga waea me te taura, tae atu ki te whakatairanga i tēnei mea mā te whakamahi i te mākete nui.
Engari ko te waea i roto i te whakakikorua parahi, nā te maimoatanga-mua, te whakakikorua-mua i te nikara me ētahi atu tukanga, me te pānga o te otinga whakakikorua, ka ngāwari te whakaputa i ngā raruraru me ngā hapa e whai ake nei: te mangu o te waea, kāore i te pai te whakakikorua-mua, ka tangohia te paparanga whakakikorua matua mai i te kiri, ka hua ake he waea para, he para rauemi, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu hanga hua. Nō reira, he mea tino nui kia whakarite i te kounga o te paninga. Ko te nuinga o tēnei pepa e matapaki ana i ngā mātāpono tukanga me ngā tikanga mō te hanga waea maitai whakakikorua-para mā te whakakikorua-hiko, me ngā take noa o ngā raruraru kounga me ngā tikanga whakaoti. 1 Te tukanga whakakikorua waea maitai whakakikorua-para me ōna take
1. 1 Te tukatuka-mua i te waea
Tuatahi, ka rumakina te waea ki roto i te wairewa kawakore me te wairewa whakapūkara, ā, ka tukuna he ngaohiko ki te waea (anode) me te pereti (cathode), ka puta he nui o te hāora mai i te anode. Ko te mahi matua a ēnei hau ko: tuatahi, ko ngā mirumiru kaha i runga i te mata o te waea maitai me tōna electrolyte tata e whai pānga ana ki te whakaoho me te tango miihini, ka whakatairanga i te hinu mai i te mata o te waea maitai, ka tere ake te tukanga saponification me te emulsification o te hinu me te hinu; tuarua, nā te mea he mirumiru iti e piri ana ki te atanga i waenga i te konganuku me te wairewa, me ngā mirumiru me te waea maitai i waho, ka piri ngā mirumiru ki te waea maitai me te nui o te hinu ki te mata o te wairewa, nō reira, ka kawea mai e ngā mirumiru he nui o te hinu e piri ana ki te waea maitai ki te mata o te wairewa, ka whakatairanga i te tangohanga o te hinu, ā, i te wa ano, ehara i te mea ngawari ki te whakaputa i te hauwai pakarukaru o te anode, kia taea ai te whiwhi i te whakakikorua pai.
1. 2 Te whakakikorua o te waea
Tuatahi, ka tukatukahia te waea, ā, ka pania ki te nikara mā te tuku ki roto i te wai whakakī, ka tukuna he ngaohiko ki te waea (katode) me te pereti parahi (anode). I te anode, ka ngaro ngā irahiko o te pereti parahi, ā, ka hangaia he katote parahi tauwehe kore utu i roto i te kaukau whakakī (whakakī):
Cu – 2e→Cu2+
I te katote, ka whakahikohia anō te waea maitai mā te hiko, ā, ka whakatakotoria ngā katote parahi takirua ki runga i te waea hei hanga i tētahi waea maitai kua whakakikoruatia ki te parahi:
Cu2 + + 2e→ Cu
Cu2 + + e→ Cu +
Cu + + e→ Cu
2H + + 2e→ H2
Ina kore e ranea te nui o te waikawa i roto i te otinga whakakikorua, ka ngāwari te waikura o te kapurou kia hanga he waikura kapurou. Ka mau te waikura kapurou ki roto i te paparanga whakakikorua, ka wetekina. Cu2 SO4 + H2O [Cu2O + H2 SO4
I. Ngā Wāhanga Matua
Ko ngā taura whatu o waho he mea hanga i ngā muka tahanga, i te ngongo wetewete, i ngā rauemi ārai-wai, i ngā wāhanga whakapakari, me te paparanga o waho. He maha ngā hanganga o ēnei taura, pērā i te hoahoa ngongo pokapū, te aho paparanga, me te hanganga angaanga.
Ko ngā muka tahanga e pā ana ki ngā muka whatu taketake he 250 maikiromita te whānui. Kei roto i ēnei ko te paparanga matua, te paparanga whakakikorua, me te paparanga paninga. He rerekē te rahi o ngā paparanga matua o ngā momo muka tahanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā muka OS2 aratau-kotahi he 9 maikiromita te whānui, ko ngā muka OM2/OM3/OM4/OM5 he 50 maikiromita te whānui, ā, ko ngā muka OM1 aratau-maha he 62.5 maikiromita te whānui. He maha ngā wā ka tohua ngā tae o ngā muka tahanga hei wehewehe i waenga i ngā muka maha-matua.
Ko ngā ngongo wetekina he mea hanga ki te kirihou hangarau kaha-teitei PBT, ā, e whakamahia ana hei whakauru i ngā muka tahanga. Ka whakarato i te tiaki, ā, ka whakakīia ki te tiēre ārai-wai hei ārai i te urunga mai o te wai ka kino pea ngā muka. Ka mahi anō te tiēre hei ārai i te kino o te muka i ngā pānga. He mea nui te tukanga hanga o ngā ngongo wetekina hei whakarite i te roa rawa o te muka.
Ko ngā rauemi ārai wai ko te hinu ārai wai o te taura, te miro ārai wai, te paura ārai wai rānei. Hei whakarei ake i te kaha ārai wai o te taura, ko te huarahi matua ko te whakamahi i te hinu ārai wai.
He mea hanga ngā huānga whakapakari i roto i ngā momo konganuku me ngā momo kore-konganuku. He maha ngā wā ka hangaia ngā mea konganuku ki ngā waea maitai phosphated, ki ngā rīpene konumohe, ki ngā rīpene maitai rānei. Ko ngā huānga kore-konganuku he mea hanga ki ngā rauemi FRP. Ahakoa te rauemi e whakamahia ana, me whakarato ēnei huānga i te kaha ā-ringa e tika ana hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga paerewa, tae atu ki te ātete ki te kume, te piko, te pānga, me te takai.
Me whai whakaaro ngā uhi o waho ki te taiao whakamahinga, tae atu ki te ārai wai, te ātete ki ngā hihi UV, me te ātete ki te huarere. Nō reira, he mea noa te whakamahi i te rauemi PE mangu, nā te mea he pai rawa ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū e whakarite ana i te pai mō te tāutanga o waho.
2 Ngā take o ngā raruraru kounga i roto i te tukanga whakakikorua parahi me ā rātou otinga
2. 1 Te awe o te maimoatanga-mua o te waea ki te paparanga whakakikorua He mea tino nui te maimoatanga-mua o te waea i roto i te hanga waea maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi mā te whakakikorua hiko. Mena kāore i tino tangohia te kiriata hinu me te waikura i runga i te mata o te waea, kāore te paparanga nikara kua whakakikoruatia kia pai te whakakikorua, ā, he ngoikore te hononga, ā, ka mutu ka taka te paparanga whakakikoruatia parahi matua. Nō reira, he mea nui kia aroturukihia te kukū o ngā wai kawakore me ngā wai whakapūkara, te ia whakapūkara me te kawakore, me te mea he noa ngā papu, ā, ki te kore, me whakatika wawe tonu. Ko ngā raruraru kounga noa i roto i te maimoatanga-mua o te waea maitai me ō rātou otinga kei roto i te Ripanga.
2. 2 Ko te pumau o te otinga nikara-mua e whakatau tika ana i te kounga o te paparanga whakakikorua-mua, ā, he mea nui tēnei i roto i te taahiraa e whai ake nei o te whakakikorua parahi. Nō reira, he mea nui kia tātarihia me te whakatikatika i te ōwehenga hanganga o te otinga nikara-mua kua whakakikoruatia, kia mōhio ai kei te ma te otinga nikara-mua kua whakakikoruatia, ā, kāore i poke.
2.3 Te awe o te otinga whakakikorua matua ki te paparanga whakakikorua Kei roto i te otinga whakakikorua te parahi whanariki me te waikawa whanariki hei wāhanga e rua, ko te hanganga o te ōwehenga te mea e whakatau tika ana i te kounga o te paparanga whakakikorua. Mena he nui rawa te kukū o te parahi whanariki, ka puta he tioata parahi whanariki; ki te iti rawa te kukū o te parahi whanariki, ka ngawari te wera o te waea, ā, ka pāngia te pai o te whakakikorua. Ka taea e te waikawa whanariki te whakapai ake i te kawe hiko me te pai o te iahiko o te otinga whakakikorua hiko, te whakaiti i te kukū o ngā katote parahi i roto i te otinga whakakikorua hiko (te pānga katote ōrite), ā, ka whakapai ake i te pōraitanga cathodic me te marara o te otinga whakakikorua hiko, kia piki ake ai te rohe kiato iahiko, ā, ka ārai i te waikura o te kapurou whanariki i roto i te otinga whakakikorua hiko ki te waikura kapurou me te maturuturu, ka whakanui ake i te pumau o te otinga whakakikorua, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te pōraitanga anodic, e whai hua ana ki te whakarewa noa o te anode. Heoi, me mōhio ko te nui o te waikawa whanariki ka whakaiti i te wairewa o te parahi whanariki. Ina kore e ranea te nui o te waikawa whanariki i roto i te wai whakakī, ka ngāwari te waikura o te konukura whanariki hei waikura kapuro, ā, ka mau ki roto i te paparanga whakakī, ka pōuri te tae o te paparanga, ka wetekina; ina nui rawa te waikawa whanariki i roto i te wai whakakī, ā, kāore e ranea te nui o te tote parahi, ka tukuna te hauwai ki roto i te katote, kia puta ai he iraira te mata o te paparanga whakakī. He pānga nui anō hoki te nui o te konukura whanariki o te pereti parahi whanariki ki te kounga o te paninga, me whakahaere te nui o te konukura whanariki i waenga i te 0.04% ki te 0.07%, ki te iti iho i te 0.02%, he uaua ki te hanga i tētahi kiriata hei aukati i te whakaputanga o ngā katote parahi, ā, ka piki ake te paura parahi i roto i te wai whakakī; ki te nui ake te nui o te konukura whanariki i te 0.1%, ka pā ki te whakarewanga o te anote parahi, kia heke ai te nui o ngā katote parahi takirua i roto i te wai whakakī, ā, ka puta he nui o te paru anote. Hei tāpiritanga, me horoi tonu te pereti parahi kia kore ai e poke te wai whakakikorua i te paru anode, kia kore ai hoki e pakaru, e pūwero hoki te paparanga whakakikorua.
3 Whakamutunga
Mā te tukatuka i ngā āhuatanga kua whakahuatia ake nei, ka pai te piri me te haere tonu o te hua, ka pumau te kounga, ā, ka tino pai te mahi. Heoi, i roto i te tukanga whakaputa tuturu, he maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kounga o te paparanga whakakikorua i roto i te tukanga whakakikorua, kia kitea te raruraru, me tātari me te ako i te wā tika, ā, me mahi i ngā mahi tika hei whakatau.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-14-2022